Song: Song is extremely variable: "witchy-witchy-witchy-tit" "witchty-witchty-witchy-weeoo" "one two three four six" with "three four" higher and faster, and "six" lower in pitch. Song is generally weak and fast, especially compared to the similarly-patterned Hooded Warbler. Some songs may closely resemble songs of American Redstart, which is usually higher-pitched, more emphatic, and slightly less musical. Pattern may also resemble Chestnut-sided (louder and more emphatic) and Yellow Warblers (sweeter and more musical).